Thermomechanics (FSI-6TT-A)

Academic year 2020/2021

Supervisor:	prof. Ing. Milan Pavelek, CSc.
Supervising institute:	EÚ	all courses guaranted by this institute
Teaching language:	English
Aims of the course unit:
The course objective is for students to acquire competency to carry out technical computation in the area of thermodynamics and heat transfer. Students will apply theoretical knowledge to machinery and technological fields.
Learning outcomes and competences:
Students will acquire skills to carry out technical computation in the area of thermodynamics and heat transfer: Computation of heat engines and cooling systems. Heat balance of material and machine systems, in gases, vapors, buildings and technological processes.
Prerequisites:
Mathematics, Physics, Hydromechanics
Course contents:
The course is concerned with the following topics: Basic quantities of state. Equation of state of an ideal gas. Mixtures of ideal gases. The First Law of Thermodynamics - heat, work, internal energy, enthalpy. The Second Law of thermodynamics, entropy. Reversible and irreversible processes of gases. The thermodynamics of vapours. Vapour tables and diagrams. The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation. Thermodynamic processes in vapours. Thermodynamics of moist air. Definitive quantities, tables, diagram. Isobaric processes of moist air, evaporation from a free surface. Thermodynamics of flow of gases and vapors. Adiabatic flow through nozzles. The cycles of heat gas and heat steam engines. Compressors. The cycles of cooling devices and heat pumps. Fundamentals of heat transfer. Stationary heat conduction. Heat transfer by convection, similarity theory. Overall heat transfer, heat exchangers. Heat transfer by radiation. Radiation between surfaces.
Teaching methods and criteria:
The course is taught through lectures explaining the basic principles and theory of the discipline. Exercises are focused on practical topics presented in lectures.
Assesment methods and criteria linked to learning outcomes:
Exam consits of written and oral parts, the emphasis is put on theory and solution of practical tasks.
Controlled participation in lessons:
Attendance at seminars is required; in a case of absence (in justified cases) students will calculate make up assignments. Students will have to pass a test during a semester.
Type of course unit:
Lecture	13 × 3 hrs.	optionally
Exercise	13 × 2 hrs.	compulsory
Course curriculum:
Lecture	Basic terms. Basic laws and equations of state for an ideal gas. Heat capacity. Mixtures of ideal gases, Dalton’s Law, equations of state for mixtures and their components. The First Law of Thermodynamics and its two mathematical forms. Heat, volume and technical work, internal energy, enthalpy. Reversible processes in ideal gases, changes of quantities of state, heat calculation, calculations of internal energy, enthalpy, of volume and technical work, p-v diagrams. Heat cycles, thermal efficiency, work. The Carnot cycle. The Second Law of Thermodynamics, entropy and general equations for entropy changes. Reversible processes and the Carnot cycle in a T-s diagram. The reversed and irreversible Carnot cycle. Irreversible processes in technical practice. Van der Waals equations of state for real gases. The thermodynamics of vapour, p-v, T-s and h-s diagrams and vapour tables. The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation. Thermodynamic processes in vapours, changes in quantities of state, heat calculation, calculations of internal energy, enthalpy, of volume and technical work. Thermodynamics of humid/atmospheric air. The definition of humidity and enthalpy of humid air, the enthalpy-relative humidity diagram. Cooling, heating, mixing and increasing the humidity of air, adiabatic evaporation from a free surface. Psychrometers. The First Law of Thermodynamics for an open system and its equations. Continuity and Bernoulli’s equations. The Prandtl tube, the speed of sound, the Mach number. Isentropic flow of an ideal gas and steam through a narrowing opening and the Laval nozzle and their calculation. The Laval nozzle with various input conditions and the effect of back pressure. The cycles of heat gas and heat steam engines. Combustion engines, gas turbines, reaction engines. The Rankin-Clausius cycle. Compressors. The cycles of cooling devices and heat pumps. Heat transfer by conduction. 3D differential equations for stationary and transient heat conduction with an internal source using Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. Heat and temperature conductivity. Stationary heat conduction through a planar and cylindrical single- and multiple-layer wall. Heat transfer by convection. The 3D Fourier-Kirchoff’s equation, The Navier-Stokes equation, boundary conditions. The Similarity Theory in heat convection. Derivation of the criteria of similarity. Criterion equations for natural and forced convection. Stationary overall heat transfer through a planar or cylindrical single- or multiple-layer wall. Heat exchangers, the mean temperature logarithmic gradient, algorithms for calculation. Heat transfer by radiation. The basic laws (Kirchhoff’s First and Second Law, Planck’s Law, the Stefan-Boltzman Law, Wien’s Law). Radiation between two parallel walls and between mutually surrounding surfaces.

Exercise	Calculations: State quantities of ideal gas and mixtures of ideal gases. Reversible changes of ideal gases-state quantities, heat, work, changes of internal energy, entropy. The Carnot cycle. Thermodynamic processes in vapours- state quantities, heat, work, changes of internal energy, entropy. Basic properties of humid air and its arrangements (cooling, heating, mixing and increasing the humidity). The cycles of combustion engines and gas turbines. The Rankin-Clausius cycle, the cycles of cooling devices. Compressors. Isentropic flow through a narrowing opening or the Laval nozzle. Calculation of its main dimensions. Stationary heat conduction through a planar or cylindrical single- or multiple-layer wall. Convection heat transfer coefficient and convection heat flow. Stationary overall heat transfer – coefficient of overall heat transfer, heat flow. Basic computation of heat exchanger. Radiation between mutually surrounding surfaces.

Literature - recommended:
1. Moran, M. J.: Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics. 7th ed. Hoboken: Wiley, 2011.
2. Borgnakke, C. Fundamentals of thermodynamics. 7th ed. International student version, SI version. Hoboken : Wiley, 2009.
3. Kreith, F., Bohn, M. S.: Principles of heat transfer. 6th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2001.
4. Latif M. Jiji: Heat Transfer Essentials. Begell House; 2 edition, 2002.