Fundaments of Optics (FSI-TZO-K)

Academic year 2023/2024
Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Radim Chmelík, Ph.D.  
Supervising institute: ÚFI all courses guaranted by this institute
Teaching language: Czech
Aims of the course unit:
The aim of the course is to acquaint students with the basic properties of optical materials from the geometrical and wave optics point of view, processes taking place at the interface of the optically isotropic environments, and properties of real optical components and their combination. Students will be able to apply this basic knowledge of geometrical optics when designing and constructing optical systems.
Learning outcomes and competences:
Students will acquire basic knowledge needed for design and approximate calculations of optical systems. In the practicals students solve calculations of real optical systems focused on their practical utilisation.
Prerequisites:
Successful completion of the course General Physics III
Course contents:
In the course basic principles of geometrical and wave optics are presented. Particular attention is paid to applications, especially to design of optical systems.
Contents of the course: light as electromagnetic radiation; the basic phenomena of wave optics; light propagation in an isotropic medium; fundamental laws of geometrical optics; basic optical systems; optics of anisotorpic media; light sources.
Teaching methods and criteria:
The course is taught through lectures explaining the basic principles and theory of the discipline. Exercises are focused on practical topics presented in lectures. Teaching is suplemented by practical laboratory work.
Assesment methods and criteria linked to learning outcomes:

Active participation in tutorials (75%) and two written tests. Examination: written test and oral examination.
Controlled participation in lessons:
Attendance at the seminars and labs which are stated in the timetable is checked by the teacher. The form and date when missed lessons may be compensated for will be specified by the teacher.
Type of course unit:
    Guided consultation in combined form of studies  1 × 17 hrs. compulsory                  
    Guided consultation  1 × 52 hrs. optionally                  
    Laboratory exercise  1 × 9 hrs. compulsory                  
Course curriculum:
    Guided consultation in combined form of studies

  1. Light as electromagnetic radiation. The wave function, superposition. Planar, cylindrical and spherical waves. Harmonic waves. Complex notation of harmonic waves. Maxwell equations. Wave energy.

  2. Polarization of light. Types of polarization. Description of polarization by means of harmonic functions and Jones vectors. Principles of light polarization. Optical activity.

  3. Optics of anisotropic media. Propagation of light in anisotropic media. Refractive index ellipsoid. Uniaxial and biaxial crystals. Polarization elements based on anisotropy.

  4. Foundations of geometrical optics. Eiconal equation, ray equation, Fermat principle, derivation of the law of refraction. Propagation of light. Scattering, reflection, refraction. Glass, dispersion, rainbow, prisms, mirrors.

  5. Geometrical theory of imaging. Paraxial space. Spherical boundary, lenses, mirrors. Cardinal points of the optical system, graphical solution of imaging.

  6. Matrix optics.

  7. Limitation of a ray packet in an optical system. Apertures types and their usage. Telecentric systems, resolution.

  8. Optical aberrations I - chromatic aberration, aberation function, Seidel aberrations, spherical aberration, coma.

  9. Optical aberrations II - astigmatism, curvature of field, correction. Matrix representacion, ray tracing.

  10. Basic optical systems. Eye. Microscopes.Telescopes. Spectrometers.

  11. Foundation of the theory of interference and coherence. Conditions of coherence. Interference law for two partially coherent waves.

  12. Two-beam and multiple-beam interference. Examples.

  13. Basics of the light diffraction theory. Huygens-Fresnel principle. Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction. Examples.
    Guided consultation

1. Maxwell's equation. Differential operators.
2. Wave equation and its solutions. Helmoltz equation.
3. Polarisation of light. Malus law.
4. Eikonal equation derivation. Solutions of the ray equation for simple media.
5. Fresnel formulae.
6. Description of an optical system by cardinal points and calculation of the parameters and properties of the system.
7. Imaging by means of mirrors, thin and thick lenses.
8. Chromatic and spherical aberration.
9. Basic optical instruments - examples.
10. Test.
11. Wave optics - interference.
12. Fraunhofer diffraction at apertures of various forms.
13. Test.
    Laboratory exercise 1. Polarisation
2. Diffraction
3. Goniometer
4. Thick lenses properties
5. Photometry
6. Fiber optics
7. Speed of light
8. Basic optical instruments
9. Liquid crystal display
10. Interference
Literature - fundamental:
1. Born, M., Wolf, E.: Principles of optics. Cambridge: University Press, 2005. 952 p.
2. Fuka, J. - Havelka, B.: Optika a atomová fyzika I
3. Hecht, E., Zajac, A.: Optics. Amsterdam: Addison-Wesley, 1974. 576 p.
Literature - recommended:
4. Hafekorn, H. - Richter, W.: Synthese optischer systeme. Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag, 1984. 343 p.
5. Liška, M.: Optické sešity. (Texty k přednáškám.) BRNO: VUT 2014/ 2015.
6. Goodman, J.W.: Introduction to Fourier Optics. 3rd ed. Englewood, Colorado: Roberts, 2005. 490 p.
7. Klein, M.V.: Optics. New York: Wiley, 1970. 647 p.
The study programmes with the given course:
Programme Study form Branch Spec. Final classification   Course-unit credits     Obligation     Level     Year     Semester  
N-STG-K combined study MTS Modern Technologies of Lighting Systems -- Cr,Ex 6 Compulsory 2 1 W